字符函数

所有数据都以字符形式输入计算机，包括字母，数字和各种特殊符号。在本章节中，我们讨论C++检查和操作单个字符的功能。

字符处理库包括几个函数，执行有用的测试和字符数据的操作。每个函数接收一个字符，表示为int或EOF作为参数。字符通常作为整数操作。

记住，EOF通常具有值-1，而一些硬件架构不允许负值存储在char变量中。因此，字符处理函数将字符作为整数来操作。

下表总结了字符处理库的函数。使用字符处理库中的函数时，请包含<cctype>标题。

示例

以下示例演示如何使用函数 isdigit，isalpha，isalnum 和 isxdigit 。函数 isdigit 确定其参数是否为数字（0-9）。函数 isalpha 确定其参数是大写字母（A-Z）还是小写字母（a-z）。函数 isalnum 确定其参数是大写，小写字母还是数字。函数 isxdigit 确定其参数是否为十六进制数字（A-F，a-f，0-9）。

示例1

void setup () {
   Serial.begin (9600);
   Serial.print ("According to isdigit:\r");
   Serial.print (isdigit( '8' ) ? "8 is a": "8 is not a");
   Serial.print (" digit\r" );
   Serial.print (isdigit( '8' ) ?"# is a": "# is not a") ;
   Serial.print (" digit\r");
   Serial.print ("\rAccording to isalpha:\r" );
   Serial.print (isalpha('A' ) ?"A is a": "A is not a");
   Serial.print (" letter\r");
   Serial.print (isalpha('A' ) ?"b is a": "b is not a");
   Serial.print (" letter\r");
   Serial.print (isalpha('A') ?"& is a": "& is not a");
   Serial.print (" letter\r");
   Serial.print (isalpha( 'A' ) ?"4 is a":"4 is not a");
   Serial.print (" letter\r");
   Serial.print ("\rAccording to isalnum:\r");
   Serial.print (isalnum( 'A' ) ?"A is a" : "A is not a" );

   Serial.print (" digit or a letter\r" );
   Serial.print (isalnum( '8' ) ?"8 is a" : "8 is not a" ) ;
   Serial.print (" digit or a letter\r");
   Serial.print (isalnum( '#' ) ?"# is a" : "# is not a" );
   Serial.print (" digit or a letter\r");
   Serial.print ("\rAccording to isxdigit:\r");
   Serial.print (isxdigit( 'F' ) ?"F is a" : "F is not a" );
   Serial.print (" hexadecimal digit\r" );
   Serial.print (isxdigit( 'J' ) ?"J is a" : "J is not a" ) ;
   Serial.print (" hexadecimal digit\r" );
   Serial.print (isxdigit( '7' ) ?"7 is a" : "7 is not a" ) ;

   Serial.print (" hexadecimal digit\r" );
   Serial.print (isxdigit( '$' ) ? "$ is a" : "$ is not a" );
   Serial.print (" hexadecimal digit\r" );
   Serial.print (isxdigit( 'f' ) ? “f is a" : "f is not a");

}

void loop () {

}

结果

According to isdigit:
8 is a digit
# is not a digit
According to isalpha:
A is a letter
b is a letter
& is not a letter
4 is not a letter
According to isalnum:
A is a digit or a letter

8 is a digit or a letter
# is not a digit or a letter
According to isxdigit:
F is a hexadecimal digit
J is not a hexadecimal digit
7 is a hexadecimal digit

$ is not a hexadecimal digit
f is a hexadecimal digit

我们对每个函数使用条件运算符（?:）来确定字符串“is a”或字符串“is not a”是否应该打印在每个测试字符的输出中。例如，行a表示如果“8”是数字，即如果isdigit返回真（非零）值，则打印字符串“8 is a”。如果“8”不是数字（即，如果isdigit返回0），则打印字符串“8 is not a”。

示例2

以下示例演示了函数 islower 和 isupper 的使用。函数 islower 确定其参数是否为小写字母（a-z）。函数 isupper 确定其参数是否为大写字母（A-Z）。

int thisChar = 0xA0;

void setup () {
   Serial.begin (9600);
   Serial.print ("According to islower:\r") ;
   Serial.print (islower( 'p' ) ? "p is a" : "p is not a" );
   Serial.print ( " lowercase letter\r" );
   Serial.print ( islower( 'P') ? "P is a" : "P is not a") ;
   Serial.print ("lowercase letter\r");
   Serial.print (islower( '5' ) ? "5 is a" : "5 is not a" );
   Serial.print ( " lowercase letter\r" );
   Serial.print ( islower( '!' )? "! is a" : "! is not a") ;
   Serial.print ("lowercase letter\r");

   Serial.print ("\rAccording to isupper:\r") ;
   Serial.print (isupper ( 'D' ) ? "D is a" : "D is not an" );
   Serial.print ( " uppercase letter\r" );
   Serial.print ( isupper ( 'd' )? "d is a" : "d is not an") ;
   Serial.print ( " uppercase letter\r" );
   Serial.print (isupper ( '8' ) ? "8 is a" : "8 is not an" );
   Serial.print ( " uppercase letter\r" );
   Serial.print ( islower( '$' )? "$ is a" : "$ is not an") ;
   Serial.print ("uppercase letter\r ");
}

void setup () {

}

结果

According to islower:
p is a lowercase letter
P is not a lowercase letter
5 is not a lowercase letter
! is not a lowercase letter

According to isupper:
D is an uppercase letter
d is not an uppercase letter
8 is not an uppercase letter
$ is not an uppercase letter

示例3

以下示例演示如何使用函数 isspace，iscntrl，ispunct，isprint 和 isgraph 。

函数 isspace 确定其参数是否为空白字符，例如空格（' '），换页符（'\f'），换行符（'\n'），回车符（'\r'），水平制表符（'\t'）或垂直制表符（'\v'）。

函数 iscntrl 确定其参数是否为控制字符，如水平制表符（'\t'），垂直制表符（'\v'），换页符（'\f'），alert（'\a'），退格符（'\b'），回车符（'\r'）或换行符（'\n'）。

函数 ispunct 确定其参数是否是除空格，数字或字母以外的打印字符（例如$，＃，（，），[，]，{，}，;，：或％）。

函数 isprint 确定其参数是否为可以在屏幕上显示的字符（包括空格字符）。

函数 isgraph 测试与isprint相同的字符，但不包括空格字符。

void setup () {
   Serial.begin (9600);
   Serial.print ( " According to isspace:\rNewline ") ;
   Serial.print (isspace( '\n' )? " is a" : " is not a" );
   Serial.print ( " whitespace character\rHorizontal tab") ;
   Serial.print (isspace( '\t' )? " is a" : " is not a" );
   Serial.print ( " whitespace character\n") ;
   Serial.print (isspace('%')? " % is a" : " % is not a" );

   Serial.print ( " \rAccording to iscntrl:\rNewline") ;
   Serial.print ( iscntrl( '\n' )?"is a" : " is not a" ) ;
   Serial.print (" control character\r");
   Serial.print (iscntrl( '$' ) ? " $ is a" : " $ is not a" );
   Serial.print (" control character\r");
   Serial.print ("\rAccording to ispunct:\r");
   Serial.print (ispunct(';' ) ?"; is a" : "; is not a" ) ;
   Serial.print (" punctuation character\r");
   Serial.print (ispunct('Y' ) ?"Y is a" : "Y is not a" ) ;
   Serial.print ("punctuation character\r");
   Serial.print (ispunct('#' ) ?"# is a" : "# is not a" ) ;
   Serial.print ("punctuation character\r");

   Serial.print ( "\r According to isprint:\r");
   Serial.print (isprint('$' ) ?"$ is a" : "$ is not a" );
   Serial.print (" printing character\rAlert ");
   Serial.print (isprint('\a' ) ?" is a" : " is not a" );
   Serial.print (" printing character\rSpace ");
   Serial.print (isprint(' ' ) ?" is a" : " is not a" );
   Serial.print (" printing character\r");

   Serial.print ("\r According to isgraph:\r");
   Serial.print (isgraph ('Q' ) ?"Q is a" : "Q is not a" );
   Serial.print ("printing character other than a space\rSpace ");
   Serial.print (isgraph (' ') ?" is a" : " is not a" );
   Serial.print ("printing character other than a space ");
}

void loop () {

}

结果

According to isspace:
Newline is a whitespace character
Horizontal tab is a whitespace character
% is not a whitespace character
According to iscntrl:
Newline is a control character
$ is not a control character
According to ispunct:
; is a punctuation character
Y is not a punctuation character
# is a punctuation character
According to isprint:
$ is a printing character
Alert is not a printing character
Space is a printing character
According to isgraph:
Q is a printing character other than a space
Space is not a printing character other than a space